The Research Center of the Judicial Academy has released a guidebook offering a comparative analysis of the judicial systems of 16 countries.

This study examines and contrasts judicial structures, jurisdictional frameworks, appellate court compositions, and procedural mechanisms for appeals across different legal traditions. The countries covered are:

• Civil Law Systems: France, Germany, South Korea, Japan, Estonia, and Austria
•  Common Law Systems: Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, New Zealand, Canada, and Singapore 
• Socialist and Post-Socialist Legal Systems: China, Russia, Poland, and Uzbekistan

The publication delves into the historical evolution and defining characteristics of these legal traditions. In particular, it highlights the growing convergence of legal systems since the late 20th century, as countries increasingly adopt and integrate elements from multiple traditions. This shift has led to the emergence of hybrid legal models, where nations adapt and localize the most effective aspects of other systems to shape their unique judicial frameworks.

This guidebook serves as a valuable resource for legal professionals, scholars, and policymakers seeking a deeper understanding of global judicial systems and their ongoing transformation.